What does insulin do?
How are insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes linked?
What causes insulin resistance?
What are the symptoms of insulin resistance and pre-diabetes?
Do you have insulin resistance or pre-diabetes?
Can you reverse insulin resistance?
Be Active and Eat Well
Stop Smoking
Can medicines help?

Insulin resistance is a silent condition that increases the chances of developing diabetes and heart disease. Learning about insulin resistance is the first step you can take toward making lifestyle changes that will help you prevent diabetes and other health problems.

What does insulin do?
After you eat, the food is broken down into glucose, the simple sugar that is the main source of energy for the body's cells. But your cells cannot use glucose without insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin helps the cells take in glucose and convert it to energy. When the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that is present, the cells cannot use glucose. Excess glucose builds up in the bloodstream, setting the stage for diabetes.

Being obese or overweight affects the way insulin works in your body. Extra fat tissue can make your body resistant to the action of insulin, but exercise helps insulin work well.

How are insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes linked?
If you have insulin resistance, your muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin properly. The
pancreas tries to keep up with the demand for insulin by producing more. Eventually, the pancreas
cannot keep up with the body’s need for insulin, and excess glucose builds up in the bloodstream.
Many people with insulin resistance have high levels of blood glucose and high levels of insulin
circulating in their blood at the same time.

People with blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not yet in the diabetic range have
“pre-diabetes.” Doctors sometimes call this condition impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired
glucose tolerance (IGT), depending on the test used to diagnose it. Pre-diabetes is becoming more
common in the United States, according to new estimates provided by the U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services. About 40 percent of U.S. adults ages 40 to 74—or 41 million people—had prediabetes
in 2000. New data suggest that at least 54 million U.S. adults had pre-diabetes in 2002.

If you have pre-diabetes, you have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, formerly called adultonset
diabetes or noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Studies have shown that most people with prediabetes
go on to develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years, unless they lose 5 to 7 percent of their
body weight—which is about 10 to 15 pounds for someone who weighs 200 pounds—by making
modest changes in their diet and level of physical activity. People with pre-diabetes also have a
higher risk of heart disease.

Type 2 diabetes is sometimes defined as the form of diabetes that develops when the body does not
respond properly to insulin, as opposed to type 1 diabetes, in which the pancreas makes no insulin
at all. At first, the pancreas keeps up with the added demand by producing more insulin. In time,
however, it loses the ability to secrete enough insulin in response to meals.

Insulin resistance can also occur in people who have type 1 diabetes, especially if they are
overweight.

What causes insulin resistance?
Because insulin resistance tends to run in families, we know that genes are partly responsible. Excess weight also contributes to insulin resistance because too much fat interferes with muscles' ability to use insulin. Lack of exercise further reduces muscles' ability to use insulin.

Many people with insulin resistance and high blood glucose have excess weight around the waist, high LDL (bad) blood cholesterol levels, low HDL (good) cholesterol levels, high levels of triglycerides (another fat in the blood), and high blood pressure, all conditions that also put the heart at risk. This combination of problems is referred to as the metabolic syndrome, or the insulin resistance syndrome (formerly called Syndrome X).

Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program as the presence
of any three of the following conditions:

  • excess weight around the waist (waist measurement of more than 40 inches for men and
    more than 35 inches for women)

  • high levels of triglycerides (150 mg/dL or higher)
    low levels of HDL, or "good," cholesterol (below 40 mg/dL for men and below 50 mg/dL
    for women)

  • high blood pressure (130/85 mm Hg or higher)

  • high fasting blood glucose levels (110 mg/dL or higher)

Source: National Cholesterol Education Program, Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment
of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes
of Health, May 2001.

Note: Other definitions of similar conditions have been developed by the World Health Organization and the Association of
Clinical Endocrinologists.

What are the symptoms of insulin resistance and pre-diabetes?
Insulin resistance and pre-diabetes usually have no symptoms. You may have one or both conditions for several years without noticing anything. If you have a severe form of insulin resistance, you may get dark patches of skin, usually on the back of your neck. Sometimes people get a dark ring around their neck. Other possible sites for these dark patches include elbows, knees, knuckles, and armpits. This condition is called acanthosis nigricans.

If you have a mild or moderate form of insulin resistance, blood tests may show normal or high blood glucose and high levels of insulin at the same time.

Do you have insulin resistance or pre-diabetes?
Anyone 45 years or older should consider getting tested for diabetes. If you are overweight and aged 45 or older, it is strongly recommended that you get tested. You should consider getting tested if you are younger than 45, overweight, and have one or more of the following risk factors:

  • family history of diabetes

  • low HDL cholesterol and high triglycerides

  • high blood pressure

  • history of gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy) or gave birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds

  • minority group background (African American, American Indian, Hispanic American/Latino, or Asian American/Pacific Islander)

Diabetes and pre-diabetes can be detected with one of the following tests:

A fasting glucose test measures your blood glucose after you have gone overnight without eating. This test is most reliable when done in the morning. Fasting glucose levels of 100 to 125 mg/dL are above normal but not high enough to be called diabetes. This condition is called pre-diabetes or impaired fasting glucose, and it suggests that you have probably had insulin resistance for some time. IFG is considered a pre-diabetic state, meaning that you are more likely to develop diabetes but do not have it yet.

A glucose tolerance test measures your blood glucose after an overnight fast and 2 hours after you drink a sweet liquid provided by the doctor or laboratory. If your blood glucose falls between 140 and 199 mg/dL 2 hours after drinking the liquid, your glucose tolerance is above normal but not high enough for diabetes. This condition, also a form of pre-diabetes, is called impaired glucose tolerance and, like IFG, it points toward a history of insulin resistance and a risk for developing diabetes.

These tests give only indirect evidence of insulin resistance. The test that most accurately measures insulin resistance is too complicated and expensive to use as a screening tool in most doctors’ offices. The test, called the euglycemic clamp, is a research tool that helps scientists learn more about sugar metabolism problems. Insulin resistance can also be assessed with measurement of fasting insulin. If conventional tests show that you have IFG or IGT, your doctor may suggest changes in diet and exercise to reduce your risk of developing diabetes.

If your blood glucose is higher than normal but lower than the diabetes range, have your blood glucose checked in 1 to 2 years.

Lab Tests and What They Show

  • Blood glucose. High blood glucose may be a sign that your body does not have
    enough insulin or does not use it well. However, a fasting measurement or oral
    glucose tolerance test gives more precise information.

  • Insulin. An insulin measurement helps determine whether a high blood glucose
    reading is the result of insufficient insulin or poor use of insulin.

  • Fasting glucose. Your blood glucose level should be lower after several hours
    without eating. After an overnight fast, the normal level is below 100 mg/dL. If it is in
    the 100 to 125 mg/dL range, you have impaired fasting glucose or pre-diabetes. A
    result of 126 or higher, if confirmed on a repeat test, indicates diabetes.

  • Glucose tolerance. Your blood glucose level will be higher after drinking a sugar
    solution, but it should still be below 140 mg/dL 2 hours after the drink. If it is higher
    than normal (in the 140 to 199 mg/dL range) 2 hours after drinking the solution, you
    have IGT or pre-diabetes, which is another strong indication that your body has
    trouble using glucose. A level of 200 or higher, if confirmed, means diabetes is
    already present.

Can you reverse insulin resistance?
Yes. Physical activity and weight loss make the body respond better to insulin. By losing weight and being more physically active, you may avoid developing type 2 diabetes. In fact, a major study has verified the benefits of healthy lifestyle changes and weight loss. In 2001, the National Institutes of Health completed the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), a clinical trial designed to find the most effective ways of preventing type 2 diabetes in overweight people with pre-diabetes. The researchers found that lifestyle changes reduced the risk of diabetes by 58 percent. Also, many people with pre-diabetes returned to normal blood glucose levels.

The main goal in treating insulin resistance and pre-diabetes is to help your body relearn to use insulin normally. You can do several things to help reach this goal.

Be Active and Eat Well
Physical activity helps your muscle cells use blood glucose because they need it for energy. Exercise makes those cells more sensitive to insulin.

The DPP confirmed that people who follow a low-fat, low-calorie diet and who increase activities such as walking briskly or riding a bike for 30 minutes, five times a week, have a far smaller risk of developing diabetes than people who do not exercise regularly. The DPP also reinforced the importance of a low-calorie, low-fat diet. Following a low-calorie, low-fat diet can provide two benefits. If you are overweight, one benefit is that limiting your calorie and fat intake can help you lose weight. DPP participants who lost weight were far less likely to develop diabetes than others in the study who remained at an unhealthy weight. Increasing your activity and following a low-calorie, low-fat diet can also improve your blood pressure and cholesterol levels and has many other health benefits.

Scientists have established some numbers to help people set goals that will reduce their risk of developing glucose metabolism problems.

Weight. Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to evaluate body weight relative to height. You can use BMI to find out whether you are underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. Use the Body Mass Index Table to find your BMI.

  • Find your height in the left-hand column.

  • Move across in the same row to the number closest to your weight.

  • The number at the top of that column is your BMI. Check the word above your BMI to see whether you are normal weight, overweight, or obese. If you are overweight or obese, talk with your doctor about ways to lose weight to reduce your risk of diabetes.

Body Mass Index Table

For a printer-friendly version of this table, use the pdf.*
NormalOverweightObese
BMI192021222324252627282930313233343536
Height
(inches)		Body Weight (pounds)
589196100105110115119124129134138143148153158162167172
599499104109114119124128133138143148153158163168173178
6097102107112118123128133138143148153158163168174179184
61100106111116122127132137143148153158164169174180185190
62104109115120126131136142147153158164169175180186191196
63107113118124130135141146152158163169175180186191197203
64110116122128134140145151157163169174180186192197204209
65114120126132138144150156162168174180186192198204210216
66118124130136142148155161167173179186192198204210216223
67121127134140146153159166172178185191198204211217223230
68125131138144151158164171177184190197203210216223230236
69128135142149155162169176182189196203209216223230236243
70132139146153160167174181188195202209216222229236243250
71136143150157165172179186193200208215222229236243250257
72140147154162169177184191199206213221228235242250258265
73144151159166174182189197204212219227235242250257265272
74148155163171179186194202210218225233241249256264272280
75152160168176184192200208216224232240248256264272279287
76156164172180189197205213221230238246254263271279287295

 

ObeseExtreme Obesity
BMI373839404142434445464748495051525354
Height
(inches)
Body Weight (pounds)
58177181186191196201205210215220224229234239244248253258
59183188193198203208212217222227232237242247252257262267
60189194199204209215220225230235240245250255261266271276
61195201206211217222227232238243248254259264269275280285
62202207213218224229235240246251256262267273278284289295
63208214220225231237242248254259265270278282287293299304
64215221227232238244250256262267273279285291296302308314
65222228234240246252258264270276282288294300306312318324
66229235241247253260266272278284291297303309315322328334
67236242249255261268274280287293299306312319325331338344
68243249256262269276282289295302308315322328335341348354
69250257263270277284291297304311318324331338345351358365
70257264271278285292299306313320327334341348355362369376
71265272279286293301308315322329338343351358365372379386
72272279287294302309316324331338346353361368375383390397
73280288295302310318325333340348355363371378386393401408
74287295303311319326334342350358365373381389396404412420
75295303311319327335343351359367375383391399407415423431
76304312320328336344353361369377385394402410418426435443

Source: Adapted from Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report.

  • Blood pressure. Blood pressure is expressed as two numbers that represent pressure in your blood vessels when your heart is beating (systolic pressure) and when it is resting (diastolic pressure). The numbers are usually written with a slash--for example, 140/90, which is expressed as "140 over 90." For the general population, blood pressure below 130/85 is considered normal, although people whose blood pressure is slightly elevated and who have no additional risk factors for heart disease may be advised to make lifestyle changes--that is, diet and exercise--rather than take blood pressure medicines. People who have diabetes, however, should take whatever steps necessary, including lifestyle changes and medicine, to reach a blood pressure goal of below 130/80.

  • Cholesterol. Your cholesterol is usually reported with three values: low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and total cholesterol. LDL cholesterol is sometimes called "bad" cholesterol, while HDL cholesterol is called "good" cholesterol. To lower your risk of cardiovascular problems if you have diabetes, you should try to keep your LDL cholesterol below 100 and your total cholesterol below 200.

If you have metabolic syndrome, your doctor may recommend weight loss with diet and exercise, as well as medication to lower your cholesterol and blood pressure levels.

Stop Smoking
In addition to increasing your risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease, smoking contributes to insulin resistance. Quitting smoking is not easy, but it could be the single smartest thing you can do to improve your health. You will reduce your risk for respiratory problems, lung cancer, and diabetes.

Can medicines help?
Two classes of drugs can improve response to insulin and are used by prescription for type 2 diabetes--biguanides and thiazolidinediones. Other medicines used for diabetes act by other mechanisms. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors restrict or delay the absorption of carbohydrates after eating, resulting in a slower rise of blood glucose levels. Sulfonylureas and meglitinides increase insulin production.

The DPP showed that the diabetes drug metformin, a biguanide, reduced the risk of diabetes in those with pre-diabetes but was much less successful than losing weight and increasing activity. In another study, treatment with troglitazone, a thiazolidinedione later withdrawn from the market following reports of liver toxicity, delayed or prevented type 2 diabetes in Hispanic women with a history of gestational diabetes. Acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, has been effective in delaying development of type 2 diabetes. Additional studies using other diabetes medicines and some types of blood pressure medicines to prevent diabetes are under way. No drug has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifically for insulin resistance or pre-diabetes.

Hope through Research
Researchers sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases conducted the DPP to find the most effective ways to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. Volunteers were recruited from groups known to be at particularly high risk for IGT and type 2 diabetes. The study was designed to compare the effectiveness of lifestyle changes (weight loss through exercise and diet) with drug therapy (metformin). A control group received a placebo and information on diet and exercise. Participants assigned to the intensive lifestyle intervention reduced their risk of getting type 2 diabetes by 58 percent over 3 years. Participants treated with metformin reduced their risk by 31 percent. Metformin is not currently approved for use in preventing diabetes, but the FDA may determine whether to make diabetes prevention an added indication for this drug. In any event, the DPP demonstrates that a healthy diet and exercise are the most effective treatment for insulin resistance and the prediabetic states of IFG and IGT.

Points to Remember

  • Glucose is the simple sugar that is the main source of energy for the body’s cells.
  • Insulin helps cells take in blood glucose and convert it to energy.
  • If you have insulin resistance, your body’s cells do not respond well to insulin.
  • Insulin resistance is a stepping-stone to type 2 diabetes.
  • Lack of exercise and excess weight contribute to insulin resistance.
  • Engaging in moderate physical activity and maintaining proper weight can help prevent insulin resistance.
  • Insulin resistance plays a role in the development of cardiovascular disease, which damages the heart and blood vessels.
  • Controlling blood pressure and LDL cholesterol and not smoking can also help prevent cardiovascular problems.
  • The Diabetes Prevention Program confirmed that exercise and a low-calorie, low-fat diet are
    the best ways to prevent type 2 diabetes.

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National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse
1 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892-3570
Email: ndic@info.niddk.nih.gov

The National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1978, the clearinghouse provides information about diabetes to people with diabetes and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. NDIC answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about diabetes.

Publications produced by the clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts. This fact sheet was reviewed by George A. Bray, M.D., Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University; and Richard F. Hamman, M.D., Dr.P.H., Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center.

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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
National Institutes of Health

NIH Publication No. 04-4893
August 2006